The roles of health literacy and social support in the association between smartphone ownership and frailty in older adults: a moderated mediation model

Table 3 Testing the mediation effect in the relationship between smartphone ownership and frailty (N = 2,469)

Variables	Model 1 (Health literacy)						Model 2 (Frailty)
Variables	β	SE			p-value		β		SE		p-value
Age	– 0.073	0.014			< 0.001		0.145		0.019		< 0.001
Gender	– 0.437	0.122			0.003		0.117		0.169		0.489
Marital status	0.112	0.130			0.392		– 0.165		0.166		0.320
Education	1.462	0.079			< 0.001		– 0.036		0.102		0.726
Household income	0.310	0.064			< 0.001		– 0.160		0.089		0.073
Smartphone ownership	0.865	0.120			< 0.001		– 0.623		0.160		< 0.001
Health literacy	-	-			-		– 0.178		0.028		0.001
R² / McFadden R²	0.299						0.141
F / -2 log likelihood	174.753***						1460.223***
Indirect effect of smartphone ownership on frailty				Effect		Boot SE		Boot LLCI		Boot ULCI
Health literacy			– 0.154			0.032		– 0.222		– 0.096

Note. 5,000 numbers of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals. β = regression coefficient; SE = standard error;
R² = coefficient of determination; F = F-test values; Boot = bootstrapped; LLCI = low level confidence interval; ULCI = upper level confidence interval

ISSN: 1471-2458