The roles of health literacy and social support in the association between smartphone ownership and frailty in older adults: a moderated mediation model

Table 4 Testing the moderated mediation effect in the relationship between smartphone ownership and frailty (N = 2,469)

Direct relationships	β		SE		p-value
Smartphone ownership → Health literacy	0.863		0.119		< 0.001
Social support → Health literacy	– 0.002		0.011		0.882
Smartphone ownership \( \times \) Social Support → Health literacy	0.053		0.015		0.003
Health literacy → Frailty	– 0.178		0.028		< 0.001
Smartphone ownership → Frailty	– 0.623		0.160		0.001
Indirect relationship	Effect	Boot SE		Boot LLCI		Boot ULCI
Smartphone ownership → Health literacy → Frailty	– 0.154	0.033		– 0.224		– 0.096
Moderated Indirect Relationships	Effect	Boot SE		Boot LLCI		Boot ULCI
Low social support (21.093)	– 0.088	0.031		– 0.154		– 0.033
Mean social support (28.041)	– 0.154	0.032		– 0.223		– 0.096
High social support (34.000)	– 0.210	0.043		– 0.302		– 0.134
Index of moderated mediation	– 0.010	0.003		– 0.016		– 0.004

Note. All analyses were controlled for age, gender, marital status, educational level, and monthly household incomes. 5,000 numbers of bootstrap samples for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals. β = regression coefficient; SE = standard errors; Boot = bootstrapped; LLCI = lower level confidence interval; ULCI = upper level confidence interval. In moderated indirect relationship, low social support indicates 1 standard deviation below the mean score and high social support indicates 1 standard above the mean score of social support among participants

ISSN: 1471-2458