Fig. 3

District-level life expectancy at birth \(({e_0})\) in India, female NFHS-4 (2015–16). Figure 3 illustrates life expectancy at birth \(({e_0})\) for female population in Indian districts from NFHS-4 (2015–16). The range of district level \({e_0}\) is from 52.4 years to 94.3 years. Srikakulam and Mon districts have the lowest and highest \({e_0}\) respectively. Twenty five districts have \({e_0}\) less than 60 years. The division of life expectancy is classified into seven categories. Higher life expectancies are indicated by regions shaded in deep green, while lower life expectancies are indicated by regions shaded in deep red. Districts with deep green shading have life expectancies of 85 years or more and are predominantly located in southern states such as Kerala and Tamil Nadu, as well as northeastern states like Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, and western region states Maharashtra and Gujarat respectively. On the other hand, districts with deep red shading have life expectancies below 60 years and are located in central region states such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and the eastern region state of Odisha and few districts from northeast and western region. To sum up, there are notable variations in \({e_0}\) for females in India at the district level. Note: The disputed regions were added to “Data Not Available” category