Fig. 5

District-level life expectancy at birth \(({e_0})\) in India, male NFHS-5 (2019–21). Figure 5 presents the distribution of male life expectancy at birth in India from NFHS-5 (2019–21). The \({e_0}\) among male population ranges from 58.1 years to 88.9 years. Panna district in Madhya Pradesh has the lowest \({e_0}\) of 58.1 years, while Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu has the highest \({e_0}\) of 88.9 years. Seven districts in India have a \({e_0}\) of less than 60 years. The distribution of \({e_0}\) is divided into seven categories. Districts with a deep green shade have higher \({e_0}\), while districts with a deep red shade have lower \({e_0}\). Districts shaded in deep green have a \({e_0}\) of 85 years or more, primarily located in southern states and central region states. Conversely, districts shaded in deep red have a \({e_0}\) below 60 years, primarily located in central region states such as Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and the northern region state of Rajasthan. In conclusion, there are significant variations in male life expectancy at birth across different districts in India. Note: The disputed regions were added to “Data Not Available” category