Characteristics | All (n = 7,482) | Healthy controls (n = 7,212) | COPD (n = 270) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 47 (33, 61) | 47 (33, 60) | 63 (57, 72) | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Female | 3,849 (51.5%) | 3,724 (51.5%) | 125 (51.6%) | |
Male | 3,633 (48.5%) | 3,488 (48.5%) | 145 (48.4%) | 0.984 |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
Married | 3,826 (53.9%) | 3,703 (53.9%) | 123 (55.0%) | |
Never | 1,373 (18.5%) | 1,355 (19.0%) | 18 (5.0%) | |
Other | 2,279 (27.6%) | 2,151 (27.1%) | 128 (40.0%) | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Mexican American | 1,116 (8.9%) | 1,102 (9.2%) | 14 (2.1%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 2,800 (63.9%) | 2,617 (63.3%) | 183 (80.6%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1,534 (11.1%) | 1,499 (11.3%) | 35 (5.7%) | |
Other Hispanic | 800 (6.4%) | 790 (6.5%) | 10 (1.8%) | |
Other Race | 1,232 (9.7%) | 1,204 (9.7%) | 28 (9.8%) | < 0.001 |
Educational attainment, n (%) | ||||
Middle school or lower | 1,606 (13.6%) | 1,527 (13.4%) | 79 (20.9%) | |
High school | 1,717 (23.6%) | 1,635 (23.3%) | 82 (32.1%) | |
College or more | 4,153 (62.7%) | 4,045 (63.3%) | 108 (47.0%) | 0.004 |
Serum cotinine (ng/mL) | 0.03 (0.01, 3.57) | 0.03 (0.01, 2.07) | 3.96 (0.02, 258.20) | < 0.001 |
Past-year alcohol drinking, n (%) | ||||
Never | 1,579 (19.8%) | 1,550 (20.0%) | 29 (12.2%) | |
1–3 drinks/day | 3,408 (63.6%) | 3,301 (63.4%) | 107 (69.4%) | |
≥ 4 drinks/day | 956 (16.7%) | 925 (16.6%) | 31 (18.4%) | 0.171 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 (24.7, 33.1) | 28.4 (24.7, 33.1) | 29.1 (25.5, 33.8) | 0.223 |
Clinical manifestations, n (%) | ||||
Chronic bronchitis | 425 (5.8%) | 314 (4.5%) | 111 (44.5%) | < 0.001 |
Emphysema | 140 (1.6%) | 44 (0.4%) | 96 (37.1%) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 721 (10.7%) | 658 (10.2%) | 63 (26.7%) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1,040 (10.4%) | 969 (9.9%) | 71 (24.9%) | < 0.001 |
Coronary heart disease | 296 (3.6%) | 235 (2.9%) | 61 (23.8%) | < 0.001 |
Cancer or malignancy | 721 (10.7%) | 658 (10.2%) | 63 (26.7%) | < 0.001 |
Blood furan, n (%) | ||||
Q1 group | 6,219 (84.0%) | 6,061 (84.7%) | 158 (63.7%) | |
Q2 group | 303 (4.0%) | 287 (3.9%) | 16 (5.2%) | |
Q3 group | 322 (3.8%) | 296 (3.7%) | 26 (6.4%) | |
Q4 group | 317 (3.9%) | 289 (3.7%) | 28 (7.0%) | |
Q5 group | 321 (4.3%) | 279 (3.8%) | 42 (17.6%) | < 0.001 |