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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of women with a history of marriage and pregnancy by number of ACEs

From: Paternal and maternal exposures to adverse childhood experiences and spontaneous fetal loss: a nationwide cross-sectional analysis

 

No. of ACEs (N = 7,742)

P value

0 (N = 658)

1 (N = 1,512)

2 (N = 1,789)

3 (N = 1,462)

4 or more (N = 2,321)

Age, years

55.0 (50.0–63.0)

56.0 (49.0–64.0)

56.0 (49.0–63.0)

56.0 (49.0–63.0)

56.0 (48.0–64.0)

0.627

Residence

   

< 0.001

 

Rural

360 (54.7)

816 (54.0)

983 (55.0)

892 (61.0)

1406 (60.6)

 
 

Urban

298 (45.3)

696 (46.0)

806 (45.1)

570 (39.0)

915 (39.4)

 

Maternal highest education completed

   

< 0.001

 

Primary school or less

389 (59.1)

926 (61.2)

1131 (63.2)

972 (66.5)

1661 (71.6)

 
 

Middle school

166 (25.2)

389 (25.7)

417 (23.3)

334 (22.9)

480 (20.7)

 
 

High school or higher

103 (15.7)

197 (13.0)

241 (13.5)

156 (10.7)

180 (7.8)

 

Maternal age at menarche, years

    

0.607

 

< 16

296 (45.0)

683 (45.2)

807 (45.1)

638 (43.6)

994 (42.8)

 
 

16–18

267 (40.6)

629 (41.6)

747 (41.8)

621 (42.5)

1030 (44.4)

 
 

> 18

95 (14.4)

200 (13.2)

235 (13.1)

203 (13.9)

297 (12.8)

 

Maternal health status in childhood

    

< 0.001

 

Healthy

627 (95.3)

1383 (91.5)

1612 (90.1)

1287 (88.0)

1841 (79.3)

 
 

Unhealthy

31 (4.7)

129 (8.5)

177 (9.9)

175 (12.0)

480 (20.7)

 

Maternal age at the first marriage, years

22.0 (20.0–24.0)

22.0 (20.0–24.0)

22.0 (20.0–24.0)

21.0 (20.0–24.0)

21.0 (19.0–23.0)

< 0.001

Maternal marriage times

    

0.021

 

1

639 (97.1)

1462 (96.7)

1737 (97.1)

1395 (95.4)

2218 (95.6)

 
 

1 or more

19 (2.9)

50 (3.3)

52 (2.9)

67 (4.6)

103 (4.4)

 

Parity

   

0.011

 

0

41 (6.2)

68 (4.5)

82 (4.6)

65 (4.5)

108 (4.7)

 
 

1

120 (18.2)

287 (19.0)

363 (20.3)

261 (17.9)

393 (16.9)

 
 

2

263 (40.0)

562 (37.2)

606 (33.9)

528 (36.1)

811 (34.9)

 
 

3 or more

234 (35.6)

595 (39.4)

738 (41.3)

608 (41.6)

1009 (43.5)

 

History of spontaneous abortion

     

< 0.001

 

No

613 (93.2)

1403 (92.8)

1632 (91.2)

1328 (90.8)

2065 (89.0)

 
 

Yes

45 (6.8)

109 (7.2)

157 (8.8)

134 (9.2)

256 (11.0)

 

History of stillbirth

     

0.195

 

No

650 (98.8)

1478 (97.8)

1743 (97.4)

1425 (97.5)

2255 (97.2)

 
 

Yes

8 (1.2)

34 (2.3)

46 (2.6)

37 (2.5)

66 (2.8)

 
  1. Note ACEs, adverse childhood experiences. Continuous variables including maternal age, age at menarche, maternal age at the first marriage were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test and are presented as medians (M) with interquartile ranges (IQRs). Categorical variables including maternal residence, maternal highest education completed, maternal health status in childhood, maternal marriage times, parity, history of spontaneous abortion and history of stillbirth were compared using Chi-square test and are presented as number (N) with percent (%)
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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