Table 2 Association of maternal ACEs with risks and counts of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth

No. of maternal ACEs

N (%) of ACE categories

Overall

0

658 (8.5)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

1

1,512 (19.5)

1.04 (0.73–1.50)

1.78 (0.82–3.87)

0.007 (-0.026–0.040)

0.010 (-0.008–0.027)

2

1,789 (23.1)

1.29 (0.92–1.83)

2.01 (0.94–4.29)

0.022 (-0.010–0.055)

0.012 (-0.006–0.029)

3

1,462 (18.9)

1.37 (0.96–1.95)

1.91 (0.88–4.14)

0.027 (-0.006–0.060)

0.009 (-0.008–0.027)

4 or more

2,321 (30.0)

1.66 (1.19–2.31)**

1.97 (0.93–4.15)

0.052 (0.200–0.083)**

0.012 (-0.005–0.029)

P for trend

< 0.001

0.265

< 0.001

0.17

Intra-familial

0

778 (10.1)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

1

1,791 (23.1)

1.14 (0.81–1.59)

1.88 (0.94–3.76)

0.014 (-0.017–0.044)

0.012 (-0.005–0.028)

2

2,007 (25.9)

1.52 (1.10–2.10)*

1.70 (0.85–3.40)

0.035 (0.005–0.065)*

0.009 (-0.007–0.025)

3

1,470 (19.0)

1.50 (1.07–2.09)*

1.68 (0.82–3.42)

0.041 (0.010–0.072)*

0.007 (-0.010–0.024)

4 or more

1,696 (21.9)

1.68 (1.21–2.32)**

2.23 (1.12–4.42)*

0.052 (0.021–0.083)***

0.018 (0.002–0.035)*

P for trend

< 0.001

0.075

< 0.001

0.048

Extra-familial

0

5,373 (69.4)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

1

1,769 (22.8)

1.10 (0.91–1.33)

0.82 (0.57–1.19)

0.004 (-0.015–0.024)

-0.007 (-0.018–0.003)

2 or more

600 (7.8)

1.48 (1.14–1.93)**

1.03 (0.62–1.71)

0.049 (0.018–0.079)**

0.000 (-0.017–0.016)

P for trend

0.007

0.657

0.002

0.409