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Table 2 Association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality

From: Association of daily sitting time and coffee consumption with the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults

Mortality outcome

Death/No.

Weighted death (%)

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

All causes

     

Daily sitting time

     

< 4 h

199/2945

2,059,972 (4.8)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

4 to 6 h

218/2578

2,599,351 (6.1)

1.16 (0.92, 1.47)

1.13 (0.89, 1.44)

1.11 (0.88, 1.41)

6 to 8 h

164/1675

1,860,378 (6.4)

1.15 (0.88, 1.50)

1.09 (0.83, 1.43)

1.06 (0.80, 1.39)

≥ 8 h

364/3441

4,616,467 (7.1)

1.61 (1.33, 1.94)

1.58 (1.28, 1.95)

1.46 (1.17, 1.81)

Pfor trend

NA

NA

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Coffee consumption(g/d)

     

Q0a

344/5095

4,033,369 (4.9)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

Q1b

219/1850

2,293,754 (8.8)

0.93 (0.76, 1.14)

0.90 (0.73, 1.12)

0.89 (0.71, 1.11)

Q2b

180/1863

2,203,843 (6.8)

0.79 (0.64, 0.99)

0.79 (0.64, 0.99)

0.81 (0.65, 1.01)

Q3b

202/1831

2,605,203 (6.9)

0.79 (0.63, 0.98)

0.68 (0.55, 0.84)

0.67 (0.54, 0.84)

Pfor trend

NA

NA

0.02

< 0.001

< 0.001

CVD

     

Daily sitting time

     

< 4 h

52/2945

461,929 (1.1)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

4 to 6 h

70/2578

848,548 (2.0)

1.59 (1.01, 2.51)

1.48 (0.93, 2.37)

1.45 (0.90, 2.33)

6 to 8 h

47/1675

480,049 (1.7)

1.27 (0.76, 2.13)

1.17 (0.69, 1.97)

1.12 (0.67, 1.86)

≥ 8 h

115/3441

1,411,401 (2.2)

2.20 (1.52, 3.17)

2.01 (1.34, 3.01)

1.79 (1.21, 2.66)

Pfor trend

NA

NA

< 0.001

0.001

0.01

Coffee consumption(g/d)

     

Q0a

115/5095

1,378,022 (1.7)

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

1 [Reference]

Q1b

68/1850

630,541 (2.4)

0.72 (0.51, 1.02)

0.71 (0.50, 1.00)

0.70 (0.49, 0.99)

Q2b

53/1863

613,430 (1.9)

0.61 (0.40, 0.93)

0.62 (0.40, 0.96)

0.64 (0.42, 0.99)

Q3b

48/1831

579,934 (1.5)

0.50 (0.32, 0.77)

0.45 (0.29, 0.68)

0.46 (0.30, 0.69)

Pfor trend

NA

NA

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: h, hours; g/d, grams per day; NA, not applicable; NHANES, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age
  3. Model 2: multivariable model additionally adjusted for sex (male/female), race and ethnicity (non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, other race or ethnicity [including American Indian/Alaska Native/Pacific Islander, Asian, multiracial]), education level (< high school, high school, > high school), BMI (< 25, 25-29.9, > 30), waist circumference, marital status (married, divorced, unmarried), smoking status (never, former, current), alcohol use (never, ever, mild, moderate, heavy) and Healthy Eating Index-2015 score, family poverty income ratio (< 1.30, 1.30–3.49 or > 3.5), hypertension (yes/no), history of diabetes (yes/no), hypercholesterolemia (yes/no), cardiovascular disease (yes/no) and history of cancer diagnosis (yes/no)
  4. Model 3: additionally adjusted for physical activity (PA)
  5. a Q0 means non-coffee consumers
  6. b Coffee consumption(g/day) of coffee drinkers was divided into three groups (Q1, Q2 and Q3) by quartile. Q1, Q2 and Q3 are < 326, 326–540, > 540, respectively
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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